While working on the Akira manga, Katsuhiro Otomo did not intend to adapt the series; however, he became "very intrigued" when the offer to develop his work for the screen was put before him.[1] He agreed to an anime film adaptation of the series on the grounds that he retained creative control of the project — this insistence was based on his experiences working on Harmagedon.[2] The Akira Committee was the name given to a partnership of several major Japanese entertainment companies brought together to realize production of an Akira film. The group's assembly was necessitated by the unconventionally high budget of around ¥1,100,000,000, intended to achieve the desired epic standard equal to Otomo's over 2,000-page manga tale. The committee consisted of Kodansha, Mainichi Broadcasting System, Bandai, Hakuhodo, Toho, LaserDisc Corporation and Sumitomo Corporation who all forwarded money and promotion towards the film. The animation for the film was provided for by animation producers, Tokyo Movie Shinsha (now TMS Entertainment).[3]
Akira had pre-scored dialogue (wherein the dialogue is recorded before the film starts production and the movements of the characters' lips are animated to match it;[4] a first for an anime production and extremely unusual even today for an anime,[5] although the voice actors did perform with the aid of animatics),[2] and super-fluid motion as realized in the film's more than 160,000 animation cels.[3] Computer-generated imagery was also used in the film (created by High-Tech Lab. Japan Inc. and the cooperative companies for computer graphics, Sumisho Electronic Systems, Inc. and Wavefront Technologies), primarily to animate the pattern indicator used by Doctor Ōnishi, but it was additionally used to plot the paths of falling objects, model parallax effects on backgrounds, and tweak lighting and lens flares.[2] Unlike its live-action predecessors, Akira also had the budget to show a fully realized futuristic Tokyo.[6]
The film's production budget was Template:¥[7] (Template:US$).[8] It was the most expensive anime film up until then,[6] surpassing the previous record of the Hayao Miyazaki and Studio Ghibli production Laputa: Castle in the Sky (1986) which had cost Template:¥, before Akira was itself surpassed a year later by the Miyazaki and Ghibli production Kiki's Delivery Service (1989) which cost Template:¥.[7]
The teaser trailer for Akira was released in 1987. The film's main production was completed in 1987, with sound recording and mixing performed in early 1988. It was released in 1988, two years before the manga officially ended in 1990. Otomo is claimed to have filled 2,000 pages of notebooks, containing various ideas and character designs for the film, but the final storyboard consisted of a trimmed-down 738 pages.[2] He had great difficulty completing the manga; Otomo has stated that the inspiration for its conclusion arose from a conversation that he had with Alejandro Jodorowsky in 1990.[9] He later recalled that the film project had to begin with the writing of an ending that would bring suitable closure to major characters, storylines, and themes without being extraordinarily lengthy, so that he could know in reverse order which manga elements would make the cut into the anime and thus suitably resolve the manga's various elements into a lean, two-hour story.[10] Otomo has called making the film before finishing the manga "the worst possible idea."[11] Although he came to like having two similar but different versions of the same story, he still felt too much of the original was cut out of the film.[11]
Otomo is a big fan of Tetsujin 28-go. As a result, his naming conventions match the characters featured in Tetsujin 28-go: Kaneda shares his name with the protagonist of Tetsujin 28-go; Colonel Shikishima shares his name with Professor Shikishima of Tetsujin 28-go, while Tetsuo is named after Shikishima's son Tetsuo Shikishima; Akira's Ryūsaku is named after Ryūsaku Murasame. In addition, Takashi has a "26" tattooed on his hand which closely resembles the font used in Tetsujin 28-go. The namesake of the series, Akira, is the 28th in a line of psychics that the government has developed, the same number as Tetsujin-28.[10]
One of the film's key animators was Makiko Futaki; she went on to become a lead animator for Studio Ghibli films such as Kiki's Delivery Service, Princess Mononoke (1997) and Howl’s Moving Castle (2004), before passing away in 2016.[12] Another key animator who worked on Akira was former Shin-Ei animator Yoshiji Kigami; he animated several entire scenes in Akira, such as the action scene in the sewers. He later joined Kyoto Animation, and died in the 2019 Kyoto Animation arson attack at the age of 61.[13]
- ↑ Template:Cite AV media
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Hughes, David (2003). Comic Book Movies. Virgin Books. ISBN 0-7535-0767-6.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Production insights, Akira #3 (Epic Comics, 1988).
- ↑ Interview with Akira creator Katsuhiro Otomo (3/4). Akira 2019 (December 29, 2009).
- ↑ The Great And Powerful Akira. Funimation (22 May 2019).
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Akira: The Story Behind The Film", Empire, June 21, 2011.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Akira Anime Film Producer Corrects 30-Year Fact on How Much the Groundbreaking Film Cost to Make (in en-us).
- ↑ Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average) - Japan. World Bank (1988).
- ↑ Akira Program Notes. Austin Film Society.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Template:Cite AV media
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Clements, Jonathan (2010). Schoolgirl Milky Crisis: Adventures in the Anime and Manga Trade. A-Net Digital LLC. ISBN 978-0-9845937-4-3.
- ↑ How Akira sent shockwaves through pop culture and changed it (in en) (31 May 2016).
- ↑ "The Incredible Artists of Kyoto Animation: Part 1", Anime News Network, August 21, 2019. (in en)